Introduce filesystem.ErrEncryptionNotEnabled and
filesystem.ErrEncryptionNotSupported which include the Mount as context,
and translate the corresponding metadata/ errors into them.  Then make
these errors show much better suggestions.

Also replace lots of other filesystem/ errors with either custom types
or with unnamed one-off errors that include more context.  Fix backwards
wrapping in lots of cases.

Finally, don't include the mountpoint in places where it's not useful,
like OS-level errors that already include the path.

Update the /proc/self/mountinfo parsing code to allow selecting a Mount
with Subtree != "/", i.e. a Mount not of the full filesystem.  This is
needed to allow fscrypt to work in containers, where the root of the
filesystem may not be mounted.

See findMainMount() for details about the algorithm used.

Resolves https://github.com/google/fscrypt/issues/211

canonicalizePath() is now only used by an error path in
getMountFromLink(), which we can make use getDeviceName() instead.

To make manually editing linked protectors slightly more user-friendly,
automatically strip any leading or trailing whitespace.  E.g. treat
"UUID=3a6d9a76-47f0-4f13-81bf-3332fbe984fb\n" the same as
"UUID=3a6d9a76-47f0-4f13-81bf-3332fbe984fb".

Update https://github.com/google/fscrypt/issues/115

Add a version of loadMountInfo() that takes an io.Reader parameter to
allow injecting a custom mountinfo file, then add some unit tests.

Currently, fscrypt treats bind mounts as separate filesystems.  This is
broken because fscrypt will look for a directory's encryption policy in
different places depending on which mount it's accessed through.  This
forces users to create an fscrypt metadata directory at every bind
mount, and to copy fscrypt metadata around between mounts.

Fix this by storing fscrypt metadata only at the root of the filesystem.

To accomplish this:

- Make mountsByDevice store only a single Mount per filesystem, rather
  than multiple.  For this Mount, choose a mount of the full filesystem
  if available, preferably a read-write mount.  If the filesystem has
  only bind mounts, store a nil entry in mountsByDevice so we can show a
  proper error message later.

- Change FindMount() and GetMount() to look up the Mount by device
  number rather than by path, so that they don't return different Mounts
  depending on which path is used.

- Change AllFilesystems() to not return bind mounts.

- Due to the above changes, the mountsByPath map is no longer needed
  outside of loadMountInfo().  So make it a local variable there.

Resolves https://github.com/google/fscrypt/issues/59

The previous patch fixed making linked protectors to /dev/root, by
setting Mount.Device to the real device node rather than /dev/root.

That's good, but it also hints that the linked protector handling is
unnecessarily fragile, as it relies on the device node name matching
exactly.  The Linux kernel allows the same device to have multiple
device nodes, and path comparisons are slow and error-prone in general.

Change it to compare the device number instead.

A root filesystem mounted via the kernel command line always has a
source of "/dev/root", which isn't a real device node.  This makes
fscrypt think this filesystem doesn't have a source device, which breaks
creating login passphrase-protected directories on other filesystems:

    fscrypt encrypt: filesystem /: no device for mount "/": system error: cannot create filesystem link

This also makes 'fscrypt status' show a blank source device:

    MOUNTPOINT  DEVICE          FILESYSTEM  ENCRYPTION     FSCRYPT
    /                           ext4        supported      Yes

To fix this case, update loadMountInfo() to map the device number to the
device name via sysfs rather than use the mount source field.

The kernel always shows mountpoints as absolute paths without symlinks,
so there's no need to canonicalize them in userspace.

Change loadMountInfo() to load the mounts directly from
/proc/self/mountinfo, rather than use the mntent.h C library calls.

This is needed for correct handling of bind mounts and of "/dev/root",
since /proc/self/mountinfo has extra fields which show the mounted
subtree and the filesystem's device number.  /proc/mounts lacks these
fields, and the C library calls can't provide them.

To start, this patch just switches to using /proc/self/mountinfo,
without doing anything with the extra fields yet.

As a bonus, this eliminates all C code in mountpoint.go.